Did you know that Māori culture has been intricately woven with the native New Zealand plants and trees for centuries, using them not just for sustenance but also for spiritual and medicinal purposes? The deep-rooted relationship between the Māori people and these flora showcases a profound understanding of the natural world, highlighting their role in traditional practices, storytelling, and community life. As we face increasing environmental challenges, exploring these traditional uses of native New Zealand plants and trees becomes not only a window into the rich tapestry of Māori heritage but also a source of inspiration for sustainable living today.
In this article, we will delve into the fascinating ways Māori culture has utilized native New Zealand flora, offering valuable insights that can enrich your appreciation of these unique ecosystems. From the versatile uses of harakeke (flax) to the healing properties of rongoā (traditional medicine), you’ll discover practical tips on how to incorporate these plants into your own life, whether for crafting, cooking, or wellness. Join us on this journey to uncover the wisdom of the past and learn how the traditional uses of native New Zealand plants and trees can inform and enhance our contemporary lifestyles.
Discover more about Native New Zealand Plants & Trees here.
Understanding Māori Culture and Its Connection to Nature
The Spiritual Connection: Māori Beliefs and Nature
Māori culture is deeply intertwined with the natural world, reflecting a profound spiritual connection to the land, flora, and fauna of Aotearoa (New Zealand). Central to this relationship is the Māori cosmology, which views the natural world as a living entity, imbued with spiritual significance. In Māori belief, all elements of nature, including native New Zealand plants and trees, are considered to possess a mauri, or life force, which connects them to the people and the land. This worldview fosters a sense of respect and reverence for the environment, emphasizing the importance of living in harmony with nature.
The Māori creation narrative, known as the “Te Ao Mārama,” illustrates this connection. It tells of the separation of Ranginui (the Sky Father) and Papatūānuku (the Earth Mother), which allowed light and life to flourish. This story not only highlights the origins of the world but also underscores the interdependence of all living things. For Māori, the natural world is a source of sustenance, spirituality, and identity, with native New Zealand plants and trees playing a crucial role in their daily lives and cultural practices.
The concept of ‘kaitiakitanga’ embodies this spiritual connection and reflects the Māori philosophy of guardianship and stewardship over the environment. Kaitiakitanga emphasizes the responsibility of Māori to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations. This principle is especially relevant when discussing native New Zealand plants and trees, as they are not only vital resources but also integral to Māori identity and heritage. By practicing kaitiakitanga, Māori ensure that the knowledge and practices surrounding these endemic species are passed down through generations, fostering a sustainable relationship with the land.
Traditional knowledge systems, known as ‘mātauranga Māori,’ are a testament to the deep understanding that Māori have developed over centuries regarding the native flora of New Zealand. These systems encompass a wealth of information about the uses, properties, and significance of various plants and trees. For instance, many native species are recognized for their medicinal properties, food sources, and cultural significance. This knowledge is not merely academic; it is rooted in the lived experiences of Māori, who have relied on these plants for survival, healing, and cultural expression.
In addition to their practical uses, native New Zealand plants and trees are woven into the fabric of Māori rituals and ceremonies. For example, the use of harakeke (flax) in weaving is a traditional practice that holds cultural significance. The process of harvesting and preparing harakeke is often accompanied by rituals that honor the plant and acknowledge its importance. Similarly, the pōhutukawa tree, known as the “Christmas tree” of New Zealand, is celebrated for its vibrant red flowers and is associated with life, death, and the spiritual realm. Such connections illustrate how native flora serves as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds in Māori culture.
The spiritual significance of native New Zealand plants and trees is also reflected in their use in art, carving, and tattooing. Many Māori artists incorporate motifs inspired by these plants into their works, symbolizing their connection to the land and their ancestors. This artistic expression not only preserves traditional knowledge but also fosters a sense of pride and identity among Māori communities.
The Role of Native Flora in Māori Traditions and Practices
Native New Zealand plants and trees have been integral to Māori traditions and practices for generations. They serve as a source of sustenance, medicine, and cultural expression, reflecting the deep-seated connection between Māori and their environment. The use of endemic species is not only practical but also spiritual, embodying the values and beliefs of Māori culture.
One of the most significant roles of native flora in Māori traditions is in the realm of food. Many plants have been traditionally foraged and cultivated by Māori, forming the basis of their diet. For instance, the root of the taro plant, known as ‘taro’ in Māori, was a staple food source, while the leaves of the pūhā plant were often used in cooking. The knowledge of how to gather, prepare, and cook these native food sources has been passed down through generations, ensuring that traditional dietary practices are preserved.
In addition to their culinary uses, native New Zealand plants and trees are vital in Māori healing practices. The concept of Rongoā Māori, or traditional Māori medicine, encompasses the use of native flora for healing and wellness. Many plants, such as kawakawa and mānuka, are renowned for their medicinal properties. Māori have long recognized the therapeutic benefits of these plants, using them to treat various ailments and promote overall health. The knowledge surrounding Rongoā Māori is deeply rooted in the understanding of the natural world, illustrating the importance of native flora in Māori health practices.
Cultural practices surrounding native plants extend beyond food and medicine; they also play a significant role in ceremonies and rituals. For example, the use of native flora in traditional Māori funerary practices is a poignant reminder of the spiritual connection between people and the land. The pōhutukawa tree, often found near coastal areas, is associated with the spirits of the deceased. Its branches are sometimes used in burial practices, symbolizing the return of the spirit to the earth.
Moreover, the significance of native flora in Māori culture is reflected in the language and storytelling traditions. Many Māori words are derived from the names of native plants and trees, highlighting their importance in everyday life. Stories and legends surrounding these plants often convey moral lessons, cultural values, and historical narratives, reinforcing the connection between Māori and their environment.
The preservation of traditional knowledge related to native New Zealand plants and trees is crucial for the sustainability of Māori culture. As urbanization and environmental changes threaten the natural landscape, the importance of kaitiakitanga becomes even more pronounced. By actively engaging in conservation efforts and passing down knowledge about native flora, Māori communities can ensure that their cultural heritage remains vibrant and relevant.
In conclusion, the connection between Māori culture and native New Zealand flora is profound and multifaceted. From spiritual beliefs to practical applications, these plants and trees are woven into the very fabric of Māori identity. Understanding this relationship is essential for appreciating the rich cultural heritage of Aotearoa and recognizing the importance of preserving native flora for future generations. The story of Māori and their connection to the land is a testament to the enduring bond between people and nature, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and respect for the environment in contemporary society.
Overview of Key Native New Zealand Plants & Trees
Iconic Native Plants: A Brief Overview
Native New Zealand plants and trees hold a special place in the cultural and ecological fabric of the country. These flora not only provide sustenance and medicinal benefits to the Māori culture but are also integral to New Zealand’s unique ecosystems. The following is a list of some iconic native New Zealand plants and trees, along with their scientific names and common uses in Māori culture:
1. Kawakawa (Piper excelsum): This aromatic shrub is known for its heart-shaped leaves and is often used in traditional Māori healing practices. The leaves can be made into a tea that is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. Kawakawa is also used for its calming effects and is a vital component of Rongoā Māori, the Māori healing system.
2. Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium): Famous for its honey, mānuka has a long history of use in Māori medicine. The leaves and bark can be used to treat wounds and skin infections. Mānuka is also valued for its antibacterial properties, making it an important plant in traditional healing.
3. Harakeke (Phormium tenax): Commonly known as flax, harakeke is a versatile plant used for weaving traditional Māori textiles and crafts. Its strong fibers are ideal for making ropes, baskets, and mats. Additionally, the sap of the harakeke plant has medicinal properties, often used for treating skin irritations.
4. Pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa): Known as the New Zealand Christmas tree, pōhutukawa is not only celebrated for its stunning red flowers but also holds significant cultural symbolism. The wood of the pōhutukawa is used in carving and construction, while the flowers are often used in traditional ceremonies.
5. Kauri (Agathis australis): As one of the largest tree species in New Zealand, the kauri tree is revered for its majestic stature and durability. Kauri timber is highly prized for construction and carving. The gum of the kauri tree has been used traditionally for medicinal purposes and as a fire starter.
6. Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum): This native conifer is known for its beautiful timber, often used in furniture and construction. Rimu trees play a crucial role in the forest ecosystem, providing habitat for various bird species. The inner bark has been traditionally used for food by Māori.
7. Tītoki (Alectryon excelsus): Tītoki trees produce edible seeds that were traditionally harvested and eaten by Māori. The wood is also valued for its workability in carving and crafting tools. Tītoki has cultural significance and is often associated with traditional stories and legends.
8. Pūhā (Sonchus oleraceus): This leafy green plant is commonly foraged in Māori cuisine. It is often used in traditional dishes and is praised for its nutritional value. Pūhā can be cooked or eaten raw and is a staple in many Māori households.
9. Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus): The karaka tree produces large, edible berries that were an important food source for Māori. The seeds require careful preparation to remove toxins before consumption. Karaka is also associated with cultural practices and is often planted near marae (meeting grounds).
10. Kōwhai (Sophora microphylla): Known for its bright yellow flowers, kōwhai is not only visually stunning but also plays a role in traditional Māori medicine. Its bark and leaves have been used for various ailments, and the tree attracts native birds, contributing to biodiversity.
These native New Zealand plants and trees are examples of the rich biodiversity that exists within the country. Each species holds ecological significance, contributing to the health and balance of New Zealand’s ecosystems. They provide habitat for various wildlife, including native birds, insects, and other flora. The interdependence of these plants with the environment highlights the importance of preserving native flora for future generations.
The Diversity of Native Flora in New Zealand
New Zealand’s native flora is characterized by its remarkable diversity, with a significant number of endemic species. Endemic species are those that are found nowhere else in the world, making New Zealand a unique botanical treasure. The isolation of the islands has allowed for the evolution of distinct plant species, resulting in a rich tapestry of flora that includes trees, shrubs, ferns, and flowering plants.
The diverse range of native New Zealand plants and trees can be categorized into several groups based on their habitats and ecological roles. For instance, the lush rainforests of the West Coast harbor towering kauri and rimu trees, while the dry, rugged landscapes of Central Otago are home to hardy alpine plants. This diversity is not only visually stunning but also crucial for maintaining ecological balance.
One of the key ecological roles of native flora is their contribution to soil health and stability. Many native plants have deep root systems that help prevent soil erosion, particularly in hilly or coastal regions. Additionally, these plants play a vital role in nutrient cycling, supporting a wide range of animal species that rely on them for food and habitat.
Māori culture has a profound understanding of this biodiversity, recognizing the importance of native plants and trees in their traditional practices. The sustainable use of these resources reflects the Māori philosophy of kaitiakitanga, or guardianship, which emphasizes the responsibility to care for the land and its flora.
The connection between native New Zealand plants and trees and Māori culture extends beyond practical uses; it encompasses spiritual beliefs, traditional stories, and cultural practices. Plants like the pōhutukawa are woven into the fabric of Māori mythology, symbolizing life, death, and rebirth. The significance of these plants in cultural narratives reinforces their importance in Māori identity and heritage.
In conclusion, the rich diversity of native New Zealand flora, including endemic species, plays a crucial role in both the ecological landscape and the cultural practices of Māori people. Understanding the traditional uses of these plants provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between nature and culture, highlighting the importance of preserving this unique botanical heritage for future generations. As we continue to explore the traditional uses of native New Zealand plants and trees, it becomes evident that they are not merely resources but are deeply intertwined with the identity and spirituality of the Māori culture.
Medicinal Uses of Native Flora in Māori Healing Practices
Traditional Māori Healing: Rongoā Māori
Rongoā Māori represents a holistic approach to health and healing that is deeply rooted in Māori culture. This traditional Māori healing system encompasses a range of practices, including the use of native New Zealand plants and trees, spiritual healing, and the integration of cultural beliefs. The term “Rongoā” refers not only to the medicinal applications of plants but also to the broader understanding of health and well-being within the Māori worldview.
In Māori culture, health is seen as a balance between physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. The use of native plants in healing practices reflects this interconnectedness, as these plants are believed to possess unique properties that contribute to overall wellness. Rongoā Māori practitioners, known as “rongoā healers,” have historically drawn upon extensive knowledge of the medicinal uses of native flora, passed down through generations. This knowledge is often embedded within the oral traditions of Māori culture, where stories and teachings about specific plants and their uses are shared within communities.
The significance of native New Zealand plants in Rongoā Māori cannot be overstated. Many of these plants, referred to as endemic species, have evolved in isolation, leading to unique adaptations that make them particularly valuable in traditional healing. For example, the kawakawa (Piper excelsum) is one of the most revered plants in Rongoā Māori. This small tree or shrub is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a common remedy for ailments such as digestive issues, skin conditions, and pain relief. The leaves of the kawakawa are often used to prepare infusions or poultices, showcasing the practical applications of native flora in addressing health concerns.
Specific Plants Used in Rongoā Māori
Among the myriad of native New Zealand plants and trees utilized in Rongoā Māori, several stand out due to their widespread applications and cultural significance.
One of the most well-known is mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), celebrated not only for its medicinal properties but also for its cultural symbolism. The leaves and bark of the mānuka tree have been traditionally used to treat respiratory ailments, wounds, and infections. Recent scientific studies have validated some of these traditional uses, particularly the antibacterial properties of mānuka honey, which has gained international recognition for its efficacy in wound care and health supplements.
Another important plant in Rongoā Māori is harakeke (Phormium tenax), also known as flax. While harakeke is widely recognized for its fibrous leaves used in weaving and crafting, it also holds medicinal value. The sap of the harakeke plant is used to soothe burns and skin irritations, while the leaves can be infused to create soothing remedies for coughs and colds. The versatility of harakeke exemplifies the multifaceted roles that native New Zealand plants and trees play in Māori culture.
Kawakawa, mānuka, and harakeke are just a few examples of the rich pharmacopoeia derived from native flora. Other notable plants include rātā (Metrosideros spp.), which is used for its antiseptic properties, and the root of the tī kōuka (Cordyline australis), known for its nourishing qualities. Each of these plants is not only valued for its medicinal properties but also for its connection to Māori spirituality and identity.
The historical context of Rongoā Māori is essential for understanding its current applications. Traditional healing practices were often conducted in conjunction with spiritual rituals, emphasizing the belief that physical ailments could be linked to spiritual imbalances. The use of native plants was seen as a way to restore harmony, both within the individual and in relation to the environment. This holistic perspective remains relevant today, as many Māori continue to seek out traditional healing methods alongside modern medical practices.
Recent scientific studies have also explored the efficacy of these native plants, providing a bridge between traditional knowledge and contemporary medicine. Research into the antimicrobial properties of mānuka honey, for example, has garnered significant attention, leading to a resurgence of interest in Rongoā Māori and its applications in modern healthcare. This intersection of traditional healing and scientific inquiry highlights the importance of preserving and respecting indigenous knowledge systems, particularly in the context of native New Zealand plants and trees.
As we delve deeper into the medicinal uses of native flora in Rongoā Māori, it becomes clear that these plants are more than just remedies; they represent a profound connection between the Māori people and their environment. The practice of Rongoā Māori embodies the principles of kaitiakitanga, or guardianship, where the sustainable use of native flora is paramount. By respecting the land and its resources, Māori culture emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance and harmony, not only for individual health but for the well-being of the community and the environment.
In summary, Rongoā Māori is a testament to the rich heritage of traditional healing practices that rely on the unique properties of native New Zealand plants and trees. Through the lens of Rongoā Māori, we can appreciate the intricate relationship between culture, health, and the natural world, as well as the ongoing relevance of these practices in contemporary society. The continued exploration and validation of these traditional uses not only serve to honor Māori culture but also contribute to the broader understanding of the medicinal potential of native flora, ensuring that these valuable resources are preserved for future generations.
- Gather fresh pūhā leaves, pork belly, onions, garlic, and water.
- In a large pot, sauté the onions and garlic until fragrant.
- Add the pork belly and cook until browned.
- Pour in enough water to cover the meat and bring to a boil.
- Once boiling, reduce heat and let simmer for about an hour.
- Add the chopped pūhā leaves and cook for an additional 20 minutes until tender.
- Season with salt and pepper to taste, and serve hot with traditional Māori bread.
- Start by soaking karaka seeds in water for several days, changing the water daily to leach out toxins.
- Once the seeds are safe to eat, boil them until soft.
- Remove the outer skin and pound the seeds into a fine paste.
- Mix the paste with coconut milk, honey, and a pinch of salt.
- Pour the mixture into a baking dish and bake at a low temperature until set.
- Let cool before serving, garnished with fresh fruit or nuts.
Culinary Uses of Native New Zealand Flora
Native New Zealand plants and trees have played a pivotal role in the culinary practices of Māori culture, providing essential food sources that have sustained communities for generations. The Māori people have a deep understanding of their environment, and their traditional knowledge encompasses the foraging, preparation, and cooking of native flora. This section delves into the various culinary uses of native plants, showcasing their significance in traditional Māori cuisine and offering insights into how these plants were prepared and consumed.
Food Sources: Traditional Māori Cuisine and Native Plants
Māori cuisine is rich and diverse, reflecting the unique ecosystems of New Zealand. The use of native plants in food preparation is not just about sustenance; it embodies cultural practices, communal sharing, and a deep respect for the land. Foraging for native New Zealand plants and trees was an integral part of daily life, with various species providing different flavors, textures, and nutritional benefits.
One of the most commonly foraged native plants is pūhā (Sonchus oleraceus), a leafy green that has been a staple in Māori diets. This plant is often used in traditional dishes and is known for its slightly bitter flavor, which pairs well with meats and other vegetables. Similarly, taro (Colocasia esculenta), although originally from the tropics, has been cultivated in New Zealand and is cherished for its starchy tubers that offer a rich source of carbohydrates. The Māori often prepared taro by boiling or baking it, incorporating it into various meals.
Another significant native food source is the karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus), whose seeds are toxic if consumed raw but can be processed to create a nutritious food source. The seeds were traditionally soaked, baked, and then pounded into a paste, showcasing the Māori’s knowledge of food preparation and safety. The karaka tree itself is also culturally significant, often associated with fertility and growth, highlighting the interconnectedness of Māori cuisine and cultural beliefs.
Recipes and Preparation: How Māori Used Flora in Their Diet
The preparation of native New Zealand plants and trees reflects a deep understanding of the land and its resources. Māori culinary practices emphasize the use of seasonal ingredients, ensuring that foraging aligns with the natural cycles of growth and abundance. Here are some traditional recipes that highlight the use of native flora:
Pūhā and Pork Stew
This hearty dish is a classic example of how Māori incorporated native greens into their meals. To prepare a pūhā and pork stew, follow these steps:
This dish not only provides nourishment but also connects the eater to the land, as pūhā is a plant that thrives in the wild, often found in damp areas across New Zealand.
Karaka Seed Pudding
This unique dessert utilizes the processed seeds of the karaka tree, offering a taste of traditional Māori ingenuity. To make karaka seed pudding, follow these steps:
This pudding not only highlights the resourcefulness of Māori cuisine but also the importance of understanding native plants and their properties.
Endemic Species and Their Culinary Potential
New Zealand is home to numerous endemic species, many of which have culinary applications. These plants are unique to the region and have been utilized by Māori for centuries. For instance, the rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) tree, while primarily known for its timber, also produces edible berries that were historically consumed by Māori. The berries can be used in jams, jellies, or simply enjoyed fresh, showcasing the versatility of native flora in culinary practices.
Another notable endemic species is the kōwhai (Sophora microphylla), famous for its bright yellow flowers. While the flowers are not typically consumed, they symbolize the arrival of spring and are often used in traditional celebrations and feasts, linking the culinary practices with cultural festivities.
Modern Adaptations and Sustainable Practices
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional Māori cuisine, with chefs and home cooks alike seeking to incorporate native New Zealand plants and trees into their dishes. This movement not only honors the culinary heritage of the Māori but also promotes sustainability by encouraging the use of locally sourced ingredients.
Modern adaptations of traditional recipes often include innovative twists that highlight the unique flavors of native flora. For example, chefs may create gourmet versions of pūhā salads or incorporate mānuka honey into desserts, showcasing the versatility and appeal of native ingredients.
Moreover, sustainable foraging practices are being emphasized, ensuring that the harvesting of native plants does not deplete local populations. Māori principles of kaitiakitanga, or guardianship, guide these practices, emphasizing the need to respect and protect the land while utilizing its resources.
Culinary Heritage as Cultural Identity
The culinary uses of native New Zealand plants and trees are deeply intertwined with Māori identity and cultural heritage. Food is a means of connection, a way to share stories, and a reflection of the values and beliefs of a community. As Māori continue to reclaim and revitalize their traditional culinary practices, the importance of native flora in their diets remains a testament to their enduring relationship with the land.
In conclusion, the culinary applications of native New Zealand plants and trees are rich and varied, offering a glimpse into the traditional practices of Māori culture. From foraging to preparation, the knowledge surrounding these plants is a vital aspect of Māori heritage, ensuring that future generations can continue to appreciate and celebrate their unique culinary landscape. By embracing this heritage, we not only honor the past but also contribute to a sustainable future that respects and cherishes the native flora of New Zealand.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are some traditional uses of native New Zealand plants in Māori culture?
Native New Zealand plants have been integral to Māori culture for centuries. Plants such as harakeke (flax) were traditionally used to weave baskets, mats, and clothing, while the leaves were also used for medicinal purposes. Other plants like kawakawa were used to create soothing teas and poultices for various ailments. Trees such as totara were essential for carving and constructing canoes, demonstrating the versatility and significance of these flora in daily life and cultural practices.
How did Māori people utilize harakeke (flax)?
Harakeke, or New Zealand flax, is a highly valued plant in Māori culture. Its long, flexible leaves are harvested for weaving, which is used to create a variety of items, including kete (baskets), hats, and mats. The inner part of the leaf can be processed into a soft fiber for making ropes and cords. Additionally, harakeke holds spiritual significance, often associated with the concept of nurturing and family, making it a central plant in many cultural rituals.
What roles did native trees like totara and kauri play in Māori life?
Totara and kauri trees have played crucial roles in Māori life. Totara wood is prized for its durability and resistance to decay, making it an ideal material for carving canoes, tools, and structures. Kauri trees, known for their massive size, provided timber for building homes and canoes, and their gum was used for various purposes, including as a fire starter and for sealing. These trees are not only vital resources but also carry cultural significance, often connected to ancestry and spiritual beliefs.
Can you explain the medicinal uses of native plants like kawakawa?
Kawakawa is a notable native plant with a long history of medicinal use in Māori culture. Its leaves are often brewed into a tea believed to have therapeutic properties, helping with digestive health and inflammation. The plant is also used in poultices for wounds and skin irritations. Its significance extends beyond health, as it is often used in traditional rituals, symbolizing healing and protection within the community.
What is the significance of native New Zealand plants in Māori spirituality?
Native New Zealand plants are deeply woven into the fabric of Māori spirituality. Each plant and tree is often associated with specific deities and ancestral stories, creating a rich cultural tapestry. For example, the sacredness of the pōhutukawa tree is linked to the spirit world and the remembrance of ancestors. The careful use and reverence for these plants illustrate the Māori philosophy of connection to the land, where flora and fauna are seen as relatives, deserving respect and protection.
How do Māori practices of plant use promote sustainability?
Māori practices of using native plants emphasize sustainability and environmental stewardship. Traditional harvesting methods are based on principles that ensure the plants can regenerate, such as only taking what is needed and using different parts of the plant to minimize waste. This respectful approach not only sustains the ecosystems but also fosters a deep connection to nature, ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from New Zealand’s rich flora. The Māori belief in guardianship (kaitiakitanga) underscores this commitment to preserving native biodiversity.
References
- Plant Uses – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand – A comprehensive overview of how Māori have traditionally utilized native plants for various purposes.
- Native Plants – Department of Conservation New Zealand – Information on native plants and their significance in Māori culture and traditional uses.
- Māori Plant Uses – My Garden – Insights into the traditional uses of native flora by Māori, emphasizing their cultural importance.
- Māori Dictionary – A resource for understanding Māori language terms related to native plants and their uses.
- Māori Culture and Traditions – National Geographic – An article discussing the cultural practices of Māori, including their relationship with native flora.
- Māori Uses of Native Plants – Te Papa Tongarewa Museum – A blog post detailing the various ways Māori have used native plants throughout history.
- Māori Uses of Native Plants – Science Learning Hub – Educational resources on the traditional uses of native flora by Māori for food, medicine, and crafts.